John Cram and Ester White of Bilsby and Exeter

english origins

Bilsby Parish Church, courtesy of Wikipedia

John Cram was an early immigrant to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he and his wife Ester arrived in Boston in 1635. He was baptized in Bilsby, Lincolnshire, England on 29 Jan 1596/7.   John was the son of Thomas Cram and his wife Jane. The Crams had been in the Bilsby-Alford area for many years and John's ancestry can be traced in the Bishop's Transcripts to his paternal grandfather John Cram, b. about 1540. His father Thomas was born about 1593 and died by 30 March 1639 when his will was proved.  John's mother Jane had died in 1612 and was buried in Bilsby. John was one of eight children, the only one to come to Massachusetts.  

John and Ester were married in Bilsby on 8 June 1624. The first four of their children were born in Bilsby or nearby Farlsthorpe and the last four in New England. The impetus for their move to America was almost certainly the Puritan Minister the Reverend John Wheelwright.

Reverend Wheelwright was the vicar at Bilsby from 1623 until 1633. He was a controversial figure who played an important role in both the religious and political life of the new colony. Many of his English Parishioners followed him to America, including the Crams.

brookline

Ann pleads her case

Muddy river, now known as Brookline, was the first home of the Cram Family. At the January meeting of the General Court, John was give 16 acres of land. The Colony was only in its fifth year when the Crams set up house and began the arduous task of farming on uncleared land. Things did not always run smoothly in the new Colony and by 1637 trouble of a religious nature was brewing in Boston.  Anne Hutchinson, related by marriage to Reverend Wheelwright, was at the center of an affair known as the Antimonian Controversy. The dogma of the Puritan Church was not a hard and fast set of beliefs, but anyone who preached anything outside the mainstream came under fire, and when it was a woman doing the preaching, the Colony was sure to crack down. Anne was tried, found guilty and she and John Wheelwright were thrown out of the colony. The Reverend Wheelwright and his followers left Massachusetts and  established the town of Exeter in 1638.  Exeter was in New Hampshire.  Anne and her family went to New York, where she was killed by Indians in 1643. 

exeter

John Cram signed, or rather made his mark, on the Exeter Combination on 5 June 1639. the combination set out the basic philosophy of the new town, it was as follows:

Combination for government at Exeter, with the forms of oaths for rulers and people. Whereas it hath pleased the Lord to move the heart of our dread Sovereign Charles by the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France & Ireland, to grant license & liberty to sundry of his subjects to grant themselves in the western parts of America - We his loyal subjects, brethren of the church in Ecceter, situate and lying upon the river Pascataquacke with other inhabitants there, considering with ourselves the holy will of God and our own necessity, that we should not live without wholesome laws and government among us, of which we are altogether destitute, do in the name of Christ and in the sight of God combine ourselves together to erect and set up amongst us such government as shall be to our best discerning agreeable to the will of God professing ourselves subjects to our Sovereign Lord King Charles, according to the liberties of our English colony of the Massachusetts, and binding ourselves solemnly by the grace and help of Christ, and in his name and fear, to submit ourselves to such godly and christian laws as are established in the realm of England to our best knowledge, and to all other such laws which shall upon good grounds be made and enacted amongst us according to God, that we may live quietly & peacably together in all godliness and honesty. Mo. 5 D. 4, 1639. 

Reverend John Wheelwright

In the first division of land, John was allotted 8 acres and 16 poles of upland. In 1643 he was one of the townsmen who signed the petition requesting to come under the authority of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.  Exeter was the last of the four New Hampshire towns to do so. He was given land in 1645 and 1648 He served as a townsman in 1648 and 1649. Also in 1648, his 15 year old son, Joseph, drowned, and his last child, Lydia was born.  

The Reverend Wheelwright left Exeter by 1641, and moved to Wells, Maine, as the Massachusetts Bay Colony was starting to take control of New Hampshire, and he was still in hot water with Governor Winthrop. He would eventually be pardoned by John Winthrop and allowed back into Massachusetts. The Crams did not follow him to Maine.

hampton
John Cram made a final move to the town of Hampton, New Hampshire. He lived in the area that would be known as Hampton Falls.  He and his wife must have been good upstanding  Puritans as they became church members in full. John died there on March 5th, 1681 age 85. His wife Ester died in Hampton 16 May 1677. 

John and Ester had the following children:
1. Elizabeth, bp. Bilsby 11 March 1625/6 no further record
2. John, bp. Bilsby 15 Feb. 1627/8 died young
3. John, bp. Bilsby 13 April 1629, buried in Farlsthorpe 16 April 1633
4. Jospeh bp. Farlsthorpe 5 Oct 1632 died Exeter June 1648
5. Benjamin b.about 1637 Exeter m. 28 Nov. 1662 Argentine Cromwell
6. Thomas b. about 1644 Exeter m. Elizabeth Weare
7. Mary b. 1646
8. Lydia b. 1648 unmarried in 1665

John Wheelwright returned to England in 1656 for about six years.  He went to college with Oliver Cromwell and was well received by him.  After Cromwell's death and the return of the Monarchy, Wheelwright once again sailed for Massachusetts and lived his final years in Salisbury, Massachusetts.   

Of John and Esters eight children only two seem to have had children, Thomas and Benjamin. Benjamin Cram married Argentine Cromwell, daughter of Giles Cromwell, in 1662. They lived in Hampton Falls.(Please read my article on Giles Cromwell)  They had nine children:
1.Sarah, born September 19, 1663, unmarried in 1707.
2.John, born April 6, 1665, married Mary; had seven children: Argentine, Abigail, Benjamin, Wadleigh, Jonathan, John, and Mary. 

3. Benjamin, born December 30, 1666, married Sarah Shaw; their children were: (1) Samuel, born April 30,1699, died young; (2) Lydia, born March 4, 1701; (3) Charity, born March 28, 1703; (4) Elizabeth, born February 8, 1704 - 5; (5) Hephshebeth, born August 6, 1706; (6) Jonathan, born October 8, 1708; (7) Samuel, born October 24, 1710; and (8) Benjamin, born about 1712 (9) Sarah b. 1716

4. Mary, born August 6, 1669.

5. Joseph, born April 12, 1671; married Jane Philbrick, May, 1700. Their children were: (1) Comfort, born April 16, 1701; (2) Abigail, born August 7, 1710.

6. Hannah, born August 22, 1673; married William Fifield, October 26, 1693.

7. Esther, born October 16, 1675, not married in 1707.

8. Jonathan, born April 26, 1678; died, unmarried, December 3, 1703.

9. Elizabeth, born January 3,1780- 81; married Samuel Melcher, May 16, 1700.

Benjamin Sr. wrote his will in 1707, he named all his children, except Jonathan, who died in 1703. He added a codicil two months after writing the original will in which he requested that Benjamin Jr. provide housing for his two unmarried sisters until such time as they married.  He did not name his wife, Argentine, or make any provision for her care, so I believe that she was already dead.  Benjamin's will was proved on Dec 5, 1711, he died sometime between it's writing and the date it was proved.

Benjamin Sr. left all his land and cattle to his son Benjamin Jr.  Benjamin was born in 1666 and married in 1699 Sarah Shaw of Hampton.  Sarah was the daughter of Joseph Shaw and Elizabeth Partridge, grand daughter of William and Ann Spicer Partridge.  Not much is written about Benjamin Cram Jr. 
their children were:
(1) Samuel, born April 30,1699, died young; 
(2) Lydia, born March 4, 1701; 
(3) Charity, born March 28, 1703; 
(4) Elizabeth, born February 8, 1704 - 5; 
(5) Hephshebeth, born August 6, 1706; 
(6) Jonathan, born October 8, 1708 
(7) Samuel, born October 24, 1710
(8) Benjamin, born about 1712 
(9) Sarah b. 1716 m. Jonathan Norris

Map of Hampton Falls

SOURCES:

Robert Charles Anderson. The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620-1633. Vol. 1-3. Boston, MA, USA: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995.

Virginia S. Hall. The Lincolnshire Origins of Some Exeter Settlers, 1867-1921

Charles Henry Bell.  The History of Exeter, New Hampshire, Boston, MA, 1888.

Probate Records of the Province of New Hampshire 1635-[1771], Volume 31  By New Hampshire. Probate Court    











Church of England. Parish Church of Bilsby (Lincoln). Bishop's transcripts, 1561-1832. (Salt 

Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1966).

Nicholas Norris of Hampton, New Hampshire

background

Sarah Norris, the mother of Katherine Baker Thornton was descended from Nicolas Norris of Hampton and Exeter, New Hampshire.  Nicholas does not appear in any records until his marriage in 1663/4 to Sarah Coxe, daughter of Moses Coxe and his wife Alice.  Nothing is known about his (Nicolas) parents, DOB or place of birth. There is some speculation on ancestry.com and other sources, both web and old reference books, that he was from Ireland but of English descent, but the push of Irish immigration didn't really get going until after the restoration of the monarchy in England. He was probably born around 1640. He is also said to be a tailor and a planter.  It is not known when he arrived in Hampton, some sources suggest he was there by 1654. 

Moses Coxe

Moses Coxe was one of the first settlers in Hampton, he received land there in 1640. He was also the first Herdsman in Hampton, responsible for the care of all the cattle in the town. In 1668 he conveyed land to another settler, the land was bounded by land owned by Nicolas Norris. Not much is known about Moses Coxe, he died in 1687, he left Sarah and her sister 5 shillings.

Nicolas and Sarah 

Nicholas married Sarah in 1663/4 in Hampton, New Hampshire. His property in Hampton was modest: a house on about three acres and a planting field of about six acres. Two years later sold his land in Hampton and made the move to Exeter. Exeter was founded in 1638, so by the time he moved his family, it was fairly well established.   In 1667 he took the oath of allegiance, required of all males in the Colony. He began to acquire more land, he was given 100 acres in 1681, 3 acres in 1698, 20 acres in 1705 and in 1720/1 a further 10 acres and finally in 1725 the last recording of his name he was granted 30 acres. His house was near the meeting house in Exeter Village.

for the record

Nicholas is first mentioned in the Exeter records when it was ordered than no logs could be laid down on meeting house hill near his house, as they impeded the highway.

Nicholas was also required to serve in the militia, he was a soldier in King Phillips War in 1670. In 1689 he signed the New Hampshire Petition.  This was a request from the residents of New Hampshire to the Government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the settlers were unable to adequately protect themselves from Indian attacks and asked to be Governed by Massachusetts.  

Nicholas and Sarah had nine children:

Sarah b. Sept. 20, 1664 Hampton d. Feb 10, 1667

Sarah b. Feb 10, 1666 died young

John b. July 10, 1667, died young

Moses 14 Aug 1670, Exeter d. 

Jonathan  Mar 5,1673, Exeter

Abigail  Nov. 29, 1675, Exeter

Sarah b. April 10,1678, Exeter

James  b. Nov 16, 1680, Exeter d. prior to 1698

Elizabeth b. Sept. 4,1683, Exeter

If Nicholas was born in 1640 and died sometime after 1725, he was at least 85 when he died, a great age at that time.

Moses Norris

Moses Norris was born on  14 August 1670, he spent his entire life in Exeter. He married 4 March 1692 Ruth Folsom, daughter of Samuel and Mary Roby Folsom of Exeter. Moses, like his father,  served as a soldier, he was on active duty 31 August until 28 September 1696. This was during King William's War, the first of the four French and Indian Wars. 

Moses was given land from his father, father in law, and was granted land in Exeter.  On Feb. 3, 1698 he was given 30 acres. His father first gave his 16 acres of land on the road to Hampton Farms and on the same day Samuel Roby deeded him land. He was again granted land in Exeter in 1706, this time a grant of 50 acres. The last recording of his name was in 1725 when he was given an additional 50 acres. 

Ruth and Moses had the following children:

Samuel

John

Moses

Nicholas

Joseph 

Jonathan b. 1699/1700 Exeter

James

Ruth

An interesting note about Joseph and James.  Charges were brought against their wives for being Quakers, this happened in 1753. they were both found guilty and paid a fine of 5 shillings.

Jonathan Norris

Jonathan Norris was born in Exeter about 1699.  He married Sarah, the daughter of Benjamin and Sarah Partridge Cram of Exeter.  In 1720/21 Moses deeded several acres of land to Jonathan and a share in a saw mill Petuckaway (Epping, N.H).  He sold his share in the mill to his brother James in June of 1741.  

Like his father and grandfather Jonathan served in the militia, in 1745 he served as a soldier in the siege of Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island and in 1755 as a Sergeant in the expedition against Crown Point. 

Jonathan was not only a land owner but also ran both a sawmill and a gristmill.  

Jonathan wrote his will March 19, 1768 and it was proved Dec 27, 1769.  Jonathan and Sarah had the following children:

Rachel b. 1744

Joseph Partridge b. 1746

Jonathan b. 1749

Sarah b. 1751 m. Benjamin Baker 

Benjamin b. 1753

James b. 1755

Samuel b. 1759

Sources:
Ancestry and Descendants of Lt. Jonathan and Tamsin Barker Norris, by Henry McCoy Norris
Genealogical and Personal Memoirs, p. 1073
History of the Town of Hampton, Joseph Dow
Probate Record of the Province of New Hampshire, vol. 31
History of the Town of Exeter, Charles Henry Bell

Solving a Mystery in a City Directory

I have been looking for sometime for the date of death for my great grandfather John Clark Thornton.  His death falls in that time before the Social Security Index and after the date which most states release vital records.  I knew he died between the 1920 and 1930 census, but not the actual date. I called the cemetery where he was buried, they could look it up,if I could tell them the section and plot number where he was buried. I didn't want to pay for a copy of his death certificate either.   So, I had given up on finding it.  

Yesterday I was  chasing down one of his cousins, Mary Harris Thornton Copithorn.  She was the daughter of his Uncle David Thornton and she and her husband had bounced between New Hampshire, Boston and Natick Massachusetts.  I was looking for one of her children in the Brookline Directory, when I realized I had looked for John C. in the Boston Directory but not the Brookline one.  Knowing that he was alive in 1920, I started checking the directory starting in 1921.  This is the page from the 1926 Brookline Directory.

So, there it is, his date of Death in a City Directory. 

The Risheill Family, Trying to Meet in the Middle

If you do family research for any length of time you will probably encounter what I call the "meeting in the middle" conundrum.  You have ancestors of whom you are sure of  and you want to connect them to people you hope are their ancestors. The problem are those people in between.  There is always a generation or two who are hard to find and records are scarce.

My husband's great grandmother was Mabel Risheill, her father David Oliver, his Joseph Oliver.  That I know. I also know that Joseph Oliver was born in Pennsylvania.  At the time of his birth there was a whole passel of Rishels (the spelling has changed over the years) living in the state. According to ancestry.com most, if not all, of these Rishels are descendants of one man, Johann Heinrich Rischelle.

Johann was born in the Alsace Lorraine region of France.  This area has been traded between Germany and France for centuries.  Johann was of German descent.  He came to the American Colony of Pennsylvania with his two sons: Heinrich Ulrich Rishel and Johann Michael Rishel.  Each of these sons married and had many, many children.  In fact both men had children with the same names, oh joy, let the confusion begin. 

If I went strictly by ancestry.com and the web I could say that Joseph Rishiell was the son of David, who was the son of Leonard Rishel.  But, there were two men, first cousins, named Leonard. One was the son of Heinrich and one of his brother Michael.  One was a soldier in the American Revolution, one married Magadelana Hittle, maybe the same man did both, its hard to tell.

The problem with all the trees I have looked at is that not a single one offers any documentation.  In a message board reply to someone looking for info they were told to see a family tree on genealogy.com.   But the only source they list was someone else's tree and that is just not acceptable.  So for now I am stuck with the top of my tree and the bottom of my tree and the unknown middle.  I am hoping that someone out there can help me put it all together, with documentation of course.

August Schulz and Catherina Ciesnik of Stevens Point Wiconsin

August and Catherina Schulz were the grandparents of Angeline Walkush, my son's Grandmother.  August and Catherine were born in West Prussia, now known as Poland. Catherine was born in Starogard Gd. Pomerania, Prussia in 1854, her parents were Joseph and Johanna Kleinowski Ciesnik. August was born June 29, 1853, parents unknown.  
August and Catherina were married in the Starogard Parish in 1878.  They had three children in Prussia, the last in 1882, their next child was born in the US in 1883.  According to his naturalization papers, they arrived in the Port of Baltimore on November 23, 1883. The name of the ship they traveled on was aptly named the America. 

Like the Walkush family in a previous blog, August and Catherina were from the West Prussian province of Pomerania, in fact, Stezeca, where the Walkush family was from, is not to far from Starogard. August's occupation was listed as laborer.
The family traveled to Portage County and settled in Hull Town. There was an August Schultz who recieved a land grant but I cannot confirm it was this August.  Not much is written about the family. All the census show his occupation as farmer. August and Catherine had the following children:
1. Veronika b. 5 July 1879 d. 19 Oct 1959 m. Michael Ostrowski
2. Johann b. 1881 d. age one month
3.  August, Jr. b. 1 May 1882 m. Maria Marachowska
4.  Maria b. 21 Dec 1883 d. 8 Jan 1884
5.  Martha b. 28 Dec 1884 d. 22 Jan 1885
6.  Anna b. 25 Dec 1885 d. 31 Jan 1886
7.  Pelagia b. 17 Dec 1887 d. 19 Jan 1888
8.  Francisca b. 26 Nov 1888 d. 24 Dec 1888
9.  Genofevam b. Dec 89 d. Feb 1890
10.  Clara b. 12 August 1891 d. 27 Jan 1972 m. John C. Walkush, Peter Konkol
11. Johanna b. 1 August 1894 d. 30 May 1953 m. Stanley Jankowski 
12. Vincent b. 22 Oct 1895 d. 17 Nov 1968 
13.  Francis b. 22 Mar 1901 d. 27 August 1901
Only five of their thirteen children lived to adulthood, the other six died as infants. Catherina had a baby almost every year and lost a baby most years as well.  Catherina died herself in 1913 of chronic nephritis. August lived another 26 years, dying in 1939 at the home of  his daughter Veronika.




Thanks to Ralph Losiniecki from Wisconsin who alerted me to some errors in my research!

Samuel Thornton Sr. Samuel Thornton Jr. and Samuel Thornton III

Please see this blog article concerning the father of Samuel 2

Samuel Thornton 

Unfortunately for me, my ancestor Samuel, son of James and Elizabeth Thornton, left very little evidence of his whereabouts and family life.  According to family tradition he married twice and had 22 children, eleven by each wife. He was definitely in Pelham, and is mentioned in the records, as the town owed him money for some service.  He is said to have lived in both Campton, Grafton, New Hampshire and in Hatley, Stanstead, Canada. His brother Matthew was something of a land speculator and it is possible that Samuel lived on land owned by Matthew.

Of the 22 children only the names of 10 ( of the second bunch) are known, and of those only two are traceable: Samuel (2) born 1775 and Dorcus, born 1779.  Dorcus married John Durgin and their family is well documented.  Our ancestor is Samuel (2).  His mother is unknown, and the date and place of his  death is also unknown. He was not buried in the Thornton cemetery so it is possible he died in Canada. I have also seen on the web the idea that Samuel was possibly a loyalist, hence the move to Canada. 

Samuel Thornton (2)

Thankfully, a bit more is known about Samuel (2). He was born in New Hampshire in the year 1775, probably in Thornton, Grafton County, New Hampshire. Family history says that at the age of seventeen Samuel traveled to London, England where he worked with Iron Masters, learning the trade. The Adams Manuscript states that “he adopted a system of coking which gave him great success among the Iron Masters near London”. Samuel (2) returned to New Hampshire prior to 1802, and is possibly the Samuel Thornton in the 1800 census in Thornton NH.  If he left at 17 in 1792 and returned by age 26 or 27, he was  in England for about 10 years.  I have no reason to believe that the Manuscript is incorrect other than the fact that he seems to be a farmer for the remainder of his life.

In 1802 Samuel married Katherine Baker, daughter of Benjamin Baker and Sarah Norris. She was born in 1779 in Campton, New Hampshire. Their first child, a daughter Hannah, was born in Campton.  They had at least seven other children, most of them born in Hatley, Stanstead, Canada, including my ancestor Samuel (3). Their oldest son, David, was born in Canada in 1808 and their last child, John, was also born in Canada in 1818.  Their daughter Hannah was married in Canada in 1822. After 1822 I cannot pin point their location until the 1840 U.S. Federal census, which showed them living in Wheelock, Vermont.  

At this time period the Canada US border is very open and fluid, with families moving back and forth. Hatley is just on the other side of the border from Vermont. In 1800 it was an undeveloped remote area with no roads, or towns.  Many people tried to settle there and gave up due to the harsh conditions.

In 1840 the census only listed the name of the head of the household. At the home of Samuel Thornton there were 8 people, two are small children.  In the 1850 census all names are listed and Samuel and Catherine were living on a farm in Wheelock with sons David and John and their families living on adjoining farms.  In the 1860 census Samuel, (2) lived with his son David. Catherine, his wife, died that year and he passed away in 1866. There is a death certificate for a Samuel Thornton who died in Hatley in 1866 and is buried in  Canada, it is possible that this is him.

Samuel Thornton (3)

Samuel was born in 1816 in Hatley, Quebec Canada. At the time it was known as Canada East. He was married to Chloe Flora Blanchard in 1841 in Wheelock, Vermont. Chloe was the daughter of James and Phebe Carter Blanchard. Chloe was born in Vermont in  1819.  They had at least 10 children, the first born in Greensboro, Vermont and the last born in 1859 in Wheelock Vermont.

In the 1850 census the family was living in Greensboro, Samuel was a farmer.  They had six children, the youngest was a boy named Alva, his age was 6 months, he does not appear in the 1860 census, presumably having died sometime in the intervening years.  By the 1860 census the family had returned to Wheelock and lived on a farm next to his brother David. Their brother John had died in 1855 and it is possible that Samuel moved back to Wheelock and took over his farm.  This was a rough time for the family, his brother David and his wife Lydia Clark Thornton lost four children in February 1859. In 1860 seven of Samuel’s children were living with them, the two oldest, both girls are not at home. John, our ancestor is one year of age.

By the time of the 1870 census the family had moved once again, this time to Hardwick, Vermont. Samuel’s brother David left Wheelock as well but moved back to Campton, New Hampshire. Samuel and Chloe lived with five of their children.  Samuel died in 1874 and Chloe in 1876. They are buried somewhere near Hardwick, Vermont.  Their son Nathan, died in 1878, age 25 of tuberculosis. Their daughter Maria married Van Doran Niles, she was the mother of Lida Niles who used to live Jennie Clover Rowell Thornton.  After Maria died, Van Doran Niles married Malvina Tatro Thornton, the widow of Maria’s brother Joseph N. Thornton. Maria and her brother died the same year, 1898.

The children of Samuel and Chloe were:

       1. Lucinda F. Thornton born in 1842, she married Andrew Barr in 1869, they had two children.  In the 1880 census Lucinda and her daughter are working as servants, her           husband and son are living in Iowa.  Andrew Barr marries a second time in 1882. Lucinda died 4 July 1894 in Barton, Vermont. Her daughter left to join her father.

        

      
2. Phebe C. Thornton born in 1843. She married Cornelius Clark and had two children.  Date of death Jan 4, 1898.
    
 3.William Thornton born 1844-1890. Married in Lansingburgh New York, Andecia                         Unknown. He worked as a grave digger. They had one child Albert W. Thornton.
       
4.Benjamin Franklin Thornton born 1848-1920. Never married. Farmer.

5. Maria B. Thornton b. 1848-1898. married Van Doren Niles, mother of Olin, died as a child and Lida V. Niles.  Van Doren married Malvina Tatro.

      
 6. Alva Thornton b. 1849, died prior to the 1860 census.

       
7. Nathan Thornton b. 1853 died 1878 of tuberculosis.

8. Jabez P. Thornton b. 1856-1924. married Mary E. Denison and had one child William A. Thornton b. 1883 d. 1920. He was a carpenter.

Nathan Thornton

 9. Joseph N. Thornton b. 1858-1898. Married Malvina Tatro. They had two daughters Lillian and Gertrude.  He worked as a lumber dresser. Malvina married Van Doran Niles.

10. John Clark Thornton my ancestor

Sanborn Cemetery, East Hardwick, Vermont
Samuel and Chloe Thornton

Thornton DNA project
Update on my Thornton research

St. Martins Church Stezyca, Poland

My husbands family, some of them anyway, came from Stezyca, Poland.  This is the local church, St. Martins built in the 1400's.  What a beautiful church. They would possibly have attended services here, maybe married or baptized.

St. Martin's Catholic Church, Stezyca, Poland

This picture is from Wikipedia and possibly taken from Flicker, I did not take this picture or make any claim to it.